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Adverb are often used to connect main clauses. Since they function as coordinating conjunctions when used in this way, they are called adverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs . Additionally, certain adverbial phrases, called transitional phrases , can also be used to join main clauses Example : Lightning hitting the ground is common ; however, most lightning stays in the clouds. Note : The conjunctive adverbs however is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. The conjunctive adverb joins the two main clauses together. Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly                hence                            moreover also                               henceforth                  nevertheless anyhow    ...

 Noun clause with subjunctive -->  order, rule, instruction, or suggestion ---> bare infinitive The subjunctive is used only after the following verbs : advise                     demand                         recommend            ask                          insist                              request                        beg                           order                              suggest         ...

Comparative degree Adj + -er +  than + PP Adj + -er + than + clause  more + adj + than + AdvG less + adj + than + clause more + adj. + than + -ing clause

  Inversion After Negative Words and Phrases We use inversion after negative adverbs such as never and nowhere when they are placed in front position for emphasis. We put the subject after an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or a modal.                         Negative Adverbial + Auxiliary/Modal + S + Verb I have never heard such nonsense ---> Never have I heard such nonsense. The couldn't find a bottle opener anywhere ---> Nowhere could they find a bottle opener No sooner had I woken up each morning than I would see a smiling face and hear a child's giggle that would melt my heart. Never before have I seen such enthusiasm and excitement. Not until the end of the holiday did we realise how attached we had become to them. We also use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position. You shouldn't go under any circumstances ---> Under no circumstances should you go. I didn't reali...

A grammatical unit which resembles a clause, except that it lacks a verb phrase. Verbless clauses are often clauses from which the verb be has been omitted by ellipsis (Leech, 2006) Verbless clause contain no verb element, and often no subject. Verbless clause are regarded as clauses because they function like finite and non-finite clauses and because they can be analysed in terms of one or more clause element. We can usually assume that a form of the verb has been omitted. Traditionally structure of this kind have been called free adjuncts without verbal form.  Verbless Clause as Complement of PP with/without --->  non-finite/verbless although/if/once/while ---> finite/non finite/verbless Finite               : While I was working in Jakarta, I lived with them Participial      : While working in Jakarta, I lived with them Verbless         : While in Jakarta , I lived with them Finite  ...

  It seemed that she would keep his word In this clause, the subject is called extraposed subject. It = "dummy subject" or "formal subject". It occupies the place typically occupied by a grammatical subject but that-clause contains the content of the subject. It is obvious she is right                      is indeed a transformation of That she is right is obvious (rarely used) In pattern with introductory it, there is always a finite or non-finite clause occurring at the end of the pattern. Non-finite pattern (ing and to-inf) Subject (It) + Verb + Complement (Noun Group) + -ing clause It is no fun doing things alone It is no use complaining Subject (It) + Verb + Object (NG) + Object (NG)  + to infinitive clause It cost me a fortune to rebuild the house It will do me good to have a rest ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Anticipatory It + Verb Phrase ...

 A sentence or clause formed from another by dividing the latter into two clauses, each with its own finite verb, so as to place emphasis on a particular component (the focus) in the original sentence (Oxford Dictionary) It-Cleft  It + verb be + focus  +relative clause (who/m, that/which,-,....) Ben always plays football on Sundays a. It is Ben  [NP] who always plays football on Sundays (i.e., not his father) b. It is football  [NP] (that) Ben always plays on Sundays (not golf) c. It is on Sundays  [PP]that always plays football (not Saturdays) Wh-cleft (Pseudo-Cleft Construction) consist of a free relative clause, a form of be and either a NP or a VP. The emphasized part comes at the end.  What (or where/when) + ....+ verb be + focus What they like is a long lunch [NP] Unlike the cleft sentence, the pseudo-cleft can have a verb phrase in the focus position, e.g. What Ben does on Sundays in (to) play football [VP] What Andrew studied at university was...