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 A participial adjective is an adjective coincident with the-ing form or -en form of the verb to which it is related ( Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar ) Her story was very frightening .     -present participle adjective He seems very worried The vase is broken                         -past participle adjective The shop is closed at five o'clock  -past participle (verb)/passive voice --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ed form     alarmed, amazed, bored, excited, frightened, pleased, surprised, tired, worried, delighted, renowned, self-centered -ing form    alarming, amazing, boring, exiting, frightening, pleasing, surprising, tiring, worrying, welcoming --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Modified by adverbs ---very alarming, most alarmed If parti...

A. Participle Phrase Modifying Noun or Pronoun --->  Adjective/relative clause reduction-->verbals as adjective Position : After the noun being modified : a. noun as subject     The man talking to the teacher is very intelligent. b. noun as object of verb     Anna knows the girl talking to the teacher. c. noun as a complement of verb     The person to see is that man talking to the teacher     This is a good government, supported by all the people d. noun as object of preposition     Anna is interested in the man talking to the teacher At the beginning of the sentence (modifying the subject) Supported by most people , the new President felt confident about the future At the end of the sentence (modifying the subject) The new President felt confident about future, knowing that he had the support of all the people B. Participle Phrase Modifying as Part of the Object of a Verb After verbs of perception (feel, hear, see...

Adverb are often used to connect main clauses. Since they function as coordinating conjunctions when used in this way, they are called adverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs . Additionally, certain adverbial phrases, called transitional phrases , can also be used to join main clauses Example : Lightning hitting the ground is common ; however, most lightning stays in the clouds. Note : The conjunctive adverbs however is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. The conjunctive adverb joins the two main clauses together. Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly                hence                            moreover also                               henceforth                  nevertheless anyhow    ...

 Noun clause with subjunctive -->  order, rule, instruction, or suggestion ---> bare infinitive The subjunctive is used only after the following verbs : advise                     demand                         recommend            ask                          insist                              request                        beg                           order                              suggest         ...

Comparative degree Adj + -er +  than + PP Adj + -er + than + clause  more + adj + than + AdvG less + adj + than + clause more + adj. + than + -ing clause

  Inversion After Negative Words and Phrases We use inversion after negative adverbs such as never and nowhere when they are placed in front position for emphasis. We put the subject after an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or a modal.                         Negative Adverbial + Auxiliary/Modal + S + Verb I have never heard such nonsense ---> Never have I heard such nonsense. The couldn't find a bottle opener anywhere ---> Nowhere could they find a bottle opener No sooner had I woken up each morning than I would see a smiling face and hear a child's giggle that would melt my heart. Never before have I seen such enthusiasm and excitement. Not until the end of the holiday did we realise how attached we had become to them. We also use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position. You shouldn't go under any circumstances ---> Under no circumstances should you go. I didn't reali...

A grammatical unit which resembles a clause, except that it lacks a verb phrase. Verbless clauses are often clauses from which the verb be has been omitted by ellipsis (Leech, 2006) Verbless clause contain no verb element, and often no subject. Verbless clause are regarded as clauses because they function like finite and non-finite clauses and because they can be analysed in terms of one or more clause element. We can usually assume that a form of the verb has been omitted. Traditionally structure of this kind have been called free adjuncts without verbal form.  Verbless Clause as Complement of PP with/without --->  non-finite/verbless although/if/once/while ---> finite/non finite/verbless Finite               : While I was working in Jakarta, I lived with them Participial      : While working in Jakarta, I lived with them Verbless         : While in Jakarta , I lived with them Finite  ...