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 A phrasal verb is a verb that changes its meaning when it is combined with an adverb or a preposition. In some grammar book a preposition or an adverb used in phrasal verb called particle . I give up smoking --- give up means to stop smoking They called up the president The preposition up, in, down, and on accompanying phrasal verbs have become particles rather than prepositions or adverbs since they no longer always express place or direction (Gelderen, 2010) a. Separable Transitive Phrasal Verb have parts that can be separated by the direct object of the phrasal verb through application of the particle movement rule. - Let's figure out the solution to the problem. - Let's figure the solution to the problem out . ask out, hand in, blow out, pick up, make up, look up, put down, write down, turn on, turn off b. Inseparable Transitive Phrasal Verb The splashed out on new office furniture ---- not The splashed it out  call on, catch up, check in, check out, drop in, drop ...

 A participial adjective is an adjective coincident with the-ing form or -en form of the verb to which it is related ( Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar ) Her story was very frightening .     -present participle adjective He seems very worried The vase is broken                         -past participle adjective The shop is closed at five o'clock  -past participle (verb)/passive voice --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ed form     alarmed, amazed, bored, excited, frightened, pleased, surprised, tired, worried, delighted, renowned, self-centered -ing form    alarming, amazing, boring, exiting, frightening, pleasing, surprising, tiring, worrying, welcoming --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Modified by adverbs ---very alarming, most alarmed If parti...

A. Participle Phrase Modifying Noun or Pronoun --->  Adjective/relative clause reduction-->verbals as adjective Position : After the noun being modified : a. noun as subject     The man talking to the teacher is very intelligent. b. noun as object of verb     Anna knows the girl talking to the teacher. c. noun as a complement of verb     The person to see is that man talking to the teacher     This is a good government, supported by all the people d. noun as object of preposition     Anna is interested in the man talking to the teacher At the beginning of the sentence (modifying the subject) Supported by most people , the new President felt confident about the future At the end of the sentence (modifying the subject) The new President felt confident about future, knowing that he had the support of all the people B. Participle Phrase Modifying as Part of the Object of a Verb After verbs of perception (feel, hear, see...

Adverb are often used to connect main clauses. Since they function as coordinating conjunctions when used in this way, they are called adverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs . Additionally, certain adverbial phrases, called transitional phrases , can also be used to join main clauses Example : Lightning hitting the ground is common ; however, most lightning stays in the clouds. Note : The conjunctive adverbs however is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. The conjunctive adverb joins the two main clauses together. Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly                hence                            moreover also                               henceforth                  nevertheless anyhow    ...

 Noun clause with subjunctive -->  order, rule, instruction, or suggestion ---> bare infinitive The subjunctive is used only after the following verbs : advise                     demand                         recommend            ask                          insist                              request                        beg                           order                              suggest         ...

Comparative degree Adj + -er +  than + PP Adj + -er + than + clause  more + adj + than + AdvG less + adj + than + clause more + adj. + than + -ing clause

  Inversion After Negative Words and Phrases We use inversion after negative adverbs such as never and nowhere when they are placed in front position for emphasis. We put the subject after an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or a modal.                         Negative Adverbial + Auxiliary/Modal + S + Verb I have never heard such nonsense ---> Never have I heard such nonsense. The couldn't find a bottle opener anywhere ---> Nowhere could they find a bottle opener No sooner had I woken up each morning than I would see a smiling face and hear a child's giggle that would melt my heart. Never before have I seen such enthusiasm and excitement. Not until the end of the holiday did we realise how attached we had become to them. We also use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position. You shouldn't go under any circumstances ---> Under no circumstances should you go. I didn't reali...

A grammatical unit which resembles a clause, except that it lacks a verb phrase. Verbless clauses are often clauses from which the verb be has been omitted by ellipsis (Leech, 2006) Verbless clause contain no verb element, and often no subject. Verbless clause are regarded as clauses because they function like finite and non-finite clauses and because they can be analysed in terms of one or more clause element. We can usually assume that a form of the verb has been omitted. Traditionally structure of this kind have been called free adjuncts without verbal form.  Verbless Clause as Complement of PP with/without --->  non-finite/verbless although/if/once/while ---> finite/non finite/verbless Finite               : While I was working in Jakarta, I lived with them Participial      : While working in Jakarta, I lived with them Verbless         : While in Jakarta , I lived with them Finite  ...

  It seemed that she would keep his word In this clause, the subject is called extraposed subject. It = "dummy subject" or "formal subject". It occupies the place typically occupied by a grammatical subject but that-clause contains the content of the subject. It is obvious she is right                      is indeed a transformation of That she is right is obvious (rarely used) In pattern with introductory it, there is always a finite or non-finite clause occurring at the end of the pattern. Non-finite pattern (ing and to-inf) Subject (It) + Verb + Complement (Noun Group) + -ing clause It is no fun doing things alone It is no use complaining Subject (It) + Verb + Object (NG) + Object (NG)  + to infinitive clause It cost me a fortune to rebuild the house It will do me good to have a rest ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Anticipatory It + Verb Phrase ...

 A sentence or clause formed from another by dividing the latter into two clauses, each with its own finite verb, so as to place emphasis on a particular component (the focus) in the original sentence (Oxford Dictionary) It-Cleft  It + verb be + focus  +relative clause (who/m, that/which,-,....) Ben always plays football on Sundays a. It is Ben  [NP] who always plays football on Sundays (i.e., not his father) b. It is football  [NP] (that) Ben always plays on Sundays (not golf) c. It is on Sundays  [PP]that always plays football (not Saturdays) Wh-cleft (Pseudo-Cleft Construction) consist of a free relative clause, a form of be and either a NP or a VP. The emphasized part comes at the end.  What (or where/when) + ....+ verb be + focus What they like is a long lunch [NP] Unlike the cleft sentence, the pseudo-cleft can have a verb phrase in the focus position, e.g. What Ben does on Sundays in (to) play football [VP] What Andrew studied at university was...

Typical CBT-GRE Test Structure Measure : 1. Analytical Writing 2. Verbal Reasoning 3. Quantitative Reasoning ANALYTICAL WRITING to be continued QUANTITATIVE REASONING MATH Reasoning Ability --- basic math concept you studied in high school (artihmetic, basic algebra, simple geometry, and common charts dan graphs) It consists of : 1. Problem solving  (9-10 items) 2. Quantitative comparisons (13-15 items) 3. Graph (4 or more items) *GRE CAT  Quantitative comparison Comparing the two quantities and choose :      A. If the quantity in Column A is greater      B. If the quantity in Column B is greater      C. If the two quantities are equal     D. If the relationship cannot be determined from the information given

Verbals are derived from verbs but do not inflect for tense and person , nor combine with an auxiliary verb to form verb phrases (predicate). Though verbal are formed from verb, verbal do not function as verbs . They include gerund, participle, and infinitive phrases. *Some grammars books call verbal phrases non-finite phrase A. GERUND (-ing form) A gerund is a verbal that functions as a noun . A gerund phrase consists of a gerund, modifier (s), object (s), and/or complement(s). Gerund phrases may perform all the functions that nouns are capable of fulfilling. a. Subject of verb     Singing is my hobby. (Gerund is always be a singular noun)      His coming late  created consecutive problems. (Possessive gerund-his coming) b. Object of verb     My students enjoy reading books.      Verbs followed by Gerund Objects :     avoid               finish         ...

  The Key Answers of TOEFL ITP Practice  Level 1 Volume 3 Prepared by ETS  by RizalPra Structure Section of Practice Test A 1. D. The Teaching - Noun Phrase as Subject (Article + Gerund) 2. C. that they do not have - Noun Clause (that+ S+V) 3. A. people recorded - Subject + Verb (adverbial clause) 4. A. the basis for - subject complement (prepositional phrase) 5. C. there is no - adverbial clause - subject of sentence 6. B. an animal that breathes - adjective clause  7. B. form when water vapor - adverbial clause 8. D. Maine's largest city - Noun Apposition 9. A. that cover - adjective clause 10. A. was used - adjective clause (verb of subordinate clause with passive voice : to be + PP) 11. C. so - compound sentence (cause and result) 12. A. some - quantifier 13. A. so does - affirmative agreement (so + auxiliary verb + S) 14. D. Made - Participial phrase (passive) 15. B. the capital - subject complement (noun phrase after linking verb) Written Expression Section of ...